Rechercher par propriété

Cette page fournit une simple interface de navigation pour trouver des entités décrites par une propriété et une valeur nommée. D’autres interfaces de recherche disponibles comprennent la page recherche de propriété, et le constructeur de requêtes « ask ».

Liste de résultats

• Arches  + (This site features more than 2,000 natural … This site features more than 2,000 natural sandstone arches, with some of the most popular arches in the park being Delicate Arch, Landscape Arch and Double Arch. Millions of years of erosion have created these structures located in a desert climate where the arid ground has life-sustaining biological soil crusts and potholes that serve as natural water-collecting basins. Other geologic formations include stone pinnacles, fins, and balancing rocks.tone pinnacles, fins, and balancing rocks.)

• Intel 8∕16 LAN Adapter  + ('''Intel 8∕16 LAN Adapter''' is a 10Mbps network card)
• Spitz nevus  + ('''Spitz nevus''', also known as '''epithelioid and spindle cell nevus''', is an uncommon melanocytic lesion that can be difficult to differentiate from [[malignant melanoma]])
• Rashômon (羅生門)  + (A 1950 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa)
• Issue/SRF/308/1  + (A conference about cheese cake)
• TemplateAndPropertyValues  + (ABC)
• Issue/1891  + (Another text with a|pipe ...)
• Maps examples/Google Maps with rotate control  + (Basic map with rotate control)
• Bryce Canyon  + (Bryce Canyon is a geological amphitheater on the Paunsaugunt Plateau with hundreds of tall, multicolored sandstone hoodoos formed by erosion. The region was originally settled by Native Americans and later by Mormon pioneers.)
• Issue/1258  + (Demonstrates how to use the SEQL extension)
• Issue/3020/1  + (Demonstrates the use and representation of a keyword typed property)
• Issue/1178  + (Example for using ~/!~ in combination with a date datatype)
• Johann Sebastian Bach (Q1339)  + (German composer)
• Grand Teton  + (Grand Teton is the tallest mountain in the Teton Range. The park's historic Jackson Hole and reflective piedmont lakes teem with endemic wildlife, with a backdrop of craggy mountains that rise abruptly from the sage-covered valley.)
• Product/A  + (Has another ...)
• Product/A  + (Has different product configuration consisting of ...)
• Henry VIII, King of England  + (He was the first English King of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.)
• Henry VII of England  + (He was the first English King of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.)
• Fichier:Spitz-nevus-H-E-stain.jpg  + (High magnification micrograph of a Spitz nevus, also known as an epithelioid and spindle-cell nevus. H&E stain.)
• Fichier:Intel 8 16 LAN Adapter.jpg  + ([[Intel 8∕16 LAN Adapter]] is a 10Mbps network card)
• Attribut:Has interface device  + (Is a hardware component or system of components that allows a human being to interact with a computer)
• Product/A  + (Is a product variant with ...)
• Issue/2499/Keyword/Example2  + (Is annotated with: EXAMPLE)
• Issue/2499/Keyword/Example1  + (Is annotated with: exAmplE)
• Issue/2499/Keyword/Example3  + (Is annotated with: example)
• Lorem ipsum  + (Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer justo Nam quis lobortis vel. Sapien nulla enim Lorem enim pede lorem nulla justo diam wisi. Libero Nam turpis neque leo scelerisque nec habitasse a lacus mattis. Accumsan tincidunt Sed adipiscing)
• Malignant melanoma  + (Malignant melanoma, also melanoma, is an aggressive type of skin cancer that can be diagnostically challenging for pathologists. It fits into the larger category of melanocytic lesions which includes ...)
• Kenai Fjords  + (Near Seward on the Kenai Peninsula, this park protects the Harding Icefield and at least 38 glaciers and fjords stemming from it. The only area accessible to the public by road is Exit Glacier; the rest must be viewed or reached from boat tours.)
• Congaree  + (On the Congaree River, this park is the largest portion of old-growth floodplain forest left in North America. Some of the trees are the tallest in the eastern United States. An elevated walkway called the Boardwalk Loop guides visitors through the swamp.)
• Seattle  + (Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17, 1907, and is one of the oldest continuously operated public farmers' markets in the United States.)
• Issue/1258  + (SMWCon Fall 2011 - SMW Performance Issues and How to Address Them''')
• Issue/1258  + (SMWCon Fall 2012 - Architectural knowledge management with SMW)
• Fichier:Es-sample-ingest-test.pdf  + (Sample file from the ES repository)
• Bug/0001  + (Some bug that contains ...)
• Catégorie:Foaf:Person  + (The Person class represents people. Something is a Person if it is a person. We don't nitpic about whether they're alive, dead, real, or imaginary. The Person class is a sub-class of the Agent class, since all people are considered 'agents' in FOAF.)
• Seattle  + (The Seattle Art Museum is an art museum located in Seattle, Washington, USA. It maintains three major facilities)
• Seattle  + (The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest, and an icon of Seattle.)
• Gates of the Arctic  + (The country's northernmost park protects an expanse of pure wilderness in Alaska's Brooks Range and has no park facilities. The land is home to Alaska Natives who have relied on the land and caribou for 11,000 years.)
• Capitol Reef  + (The park's Waterpocket Fold is a 100-mile (160 km) monocline that exhibits the earth's diverse geologic layers. Other natural features include monoliths, cliffs, and sandstone domes shaped like the United States Capitol.)
• Lake Clark  + (The region around Lake Clark features four active volcanoes, including Mount Redoubt, as well as an abundance of rivers, glaciers, and waterfalls. Temperate rainforests, a tundra plateau, and three mountain ranges complete the landscape.)
• American Samoa  + (The southernmost National Park is on three Samoan islands and protects coral reefs, rainforests, volcanic mountains, and white beaches. The area is also home to flying foxes, brown boobies, sea turtles, and 900 species of fish.)
• Virgin Islands  + (This island park on Saint John preserves Taíno archaeological sites and the ruins of sugar plantations from Columbus's time, as well as all the natural environs. Surrounding the pristine beaches are mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs.)
• 20170622  + (This page has a description.)
• Guadalupe Mountains  + (This park contains Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas, as well as the scenic McKittrick Canyon filled with bigtooth maples, a corner of the arid Chihuahuan Desert, and a fossilized coral reef from the Permian era.)
• Hawaii Volcanoes  + (This park on the Big Island protects the Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, two of the world's most active geological features. Diverse ecosystems range from tropical forests at sea level to barren lava beds at more than 13,000 feet (4,000 m).)
• Product/A  + (This product is about ...)
• T0006: Board the Flying Dutchman  + (Turpis pellentesque id sociis pede ipsum Quisque. Eu sed sed porta Integer pulvinar accumsan leo in semper lobortis. Urna vel mattis Pellentesque ante iaculis tincidunt et consequat Aliquam dictum ...)
• Issue/1157  + (Use inverse predefined properties in concept)
• Issue/1172  + (Use of @category in #subobject)
• Issue/1147  + (Use of columns=0 as responsive option)
• Issue/Default form  + (When saving a page with a set form, the 'edit with form' link doesn't get set)
• 東京の近い場所  + (花園神社 is a Shinto shrine located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. This shrine was founded in the mid-17th century ... [[wp:Hanazono Shrine]])
• Text that includes other annotations  + (lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur ad … lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce</br>et magna libero. Vestibulum pretium tincidunt risus,</br>nec convallis ante consectetur in. Fusce lacinia purus vitae magna</br>sodales ornare quis vitae risus. Vivamus malesuada magna non nibh</br>dignissim mattis. Vivamus sit amet nulla et arcu</br>hendrerit consectetur. Aenean dapibus pulvinar dui, a accumsan ipsum</br>aliquet et. Pellentesque augue mi, scelerisque vel vestibulum vitae,</br>porta id nunc. Morbi ultricies, metus at semper auctor, tellus odio</br>faucibus quam, a sagittis diam mauris eget nulla.s quam, a sagittis diam mauris eget nulla.)
• Acadia  + (Covering most of Mount Desert Island and o … Covering most of Mount Desert Island and other coastal islands, Acadia features the tallest mountain on the Atlantic coast of the United States, granite peaks, ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes. There are freshwater, estuary, forest, and intertidal habitats. estuary, forest, and intertidal habitats.)
• Biscayne  + (Located in Biscayne Bay, this park at the … Located in Biscayne Bay, this park at the north end of the Florida Keys has four interrelated marine ecosystems: mangrove forest, the Bay, the Keys, and coral reefs. Threatened animals include the West Indian manatee, American crocodile, various sea turtles, and peregrine falcon.various sea turtles, and peregrine falcon.)
• Black Canyon of the Gunnison  + (The park protects a quarter of the Gunniso … The park protects a quarter of the Gunnison River, which slices sheer canyon walls from dark Precambrian-era rock. The canyon features some of the steepest cliffs and oldest rock in North America, and is a popular site for river rafting and rock climbing. The deep, narrow canyon is composed of gneiss and schist which appears black when in shadow.schist which appears black when in shadow.)
• Channel Islands  + (Five of the eight Channel Islands are prot … Five of the eight Channel Islands are protected, and half of the park's area is underwater. The islands have a unique Mediterranean ecosystem originally settled by the Chumash people. They are home to over 2,000 species of land plants and animals, and 145 are unique to them, including the island fox. Ferry services offer transportation to the islands from the mainland.ortation to the islands from the mainland.)
• Crater Lake  + (Crater Lake lies in the caldera of an anci … Crater Lake lies in the caldera of an ancient volcano called Mount Mazama that collapsed 7,700 years ago. It is the deepest lake in the United States and is noted for its vivid blue color and water clarity. There are two more recent volcanic islands in the lake, and, with no inlets or outlets, all water comes through precipitation.ts, all water comes through precipitation.)
• Everglades  + (The Everglades are the largest tropical wi … The Everglades are the largest tropical wilderness in the United States. This mangrove and tropical rainforest ecosystem and marine estuary is home to 36 protected species, including the Florida panther, American crocodile, and West Indian manatee. Some areas have been drained and developed; restoration projects aim to restore the ecology.ation projects aim to restore the ecology.)
• Glacier Bay  + (Glacier Bay contains tidewater glaciers, m … Glacier Bay contains tidewater glaciers, mountains, fjords, and a temperate rainforest, and is home to large populations of grizzly bears, mountain goats, whales, seals, and eagles. When discovered in 1794 by George Vancouver, the entire bay was covered by ice, but the glaciers have since receded more than 65 miles (105 km).since receded more than 65 miles (105 km).)
• Great Basin  + (Based around Nevada's second tallest mount … Based around Nevada's second tallest mountain, Wheeler Peak, Great Basin National Park contains 5,000-year-old bristlecone pines, a rock glacier, and the limestone Lehman Caves. Due to its remote location, the park has some of the country's darkest night skies. Wildlife includes the Townsend's big-eared bat, pronghorn, and Bonneville cutthroat trout.pronghorn, and Bonneville cutthroat trout.)
• Great Smoky Mountains  + (The Great Smoky Mountains, part of the App … The Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains, span a wide range of elevations, making them home to over 400 vertebrate species, 100 tree species, and 5000 plant species. Hiking is the park's main attraction, with over 800 miles (1,300 km) of trails, including 70 miles (110 km) of the Appalachian Trail. Other activities include fishing, horseback riding, and touring nearly 80 historic structures.and touring nearly 80 historic structures.)
• Haleakala  + (The Haleakala volcano on Maui features a v … The Haleakala volcano on Maui features a very large crater with numerous cinder cones, Hosmer's Grove of alien trees, the Kipahulu section's scenic pools of freshwater fish, and the native Hawaiian goose. It is home to the greatest number of endangered species within a U.S. National Park.gered species within a U.S. National Park.)
• Hot Springs  + (Hot Springs was established by act of Cong … Hot Springs was established by act of Congress as a federal reserve on April 20, 1832. As such it is the oldest park managed by the National Park Service. Congress changed the reserve's designation to National Park on March 4, 1921 after the National Park Service was established in 1916. Hot Springs is the smallest and only National Park in an urban area and is based around natural hot springs that flow out of the low lying Ouachita Mountains. The springs provide opportunities for relaxation in an historic setting; Bathhouse Row preserves numerous examples of 19th-century architecture.ous examples of 19th-century architecture.)
• Joshua Tree  + (Covering large areas of the Colorado and M … Covering large areas of the Colorado and Mojave Deserts and the Little San Bernardino Mountains, this desert landscape is populated by vast stands of Joshua trees. Large changes in elevation reveal various contrasting environments including bleached sand dunes, dry lakes, rugged mountains, and maze-like clusters of monzogranite monoliths.e-like clusters of monzogranite monoliths.)
• Lassen Volcanic  + (Lassen Peak, the largest plug dome volcano … Lassen Peak, the largest plug dome volcano in the world, is joined by all three other types of volcanoes in this park: shield, cinder dome, and composite. Though Lassen itself last erupted in 1915, most of the rest of the park is continuously active. Numerous hydrothermal features, including fumaroles, boiling pools, and bubbling mud pots, are heated by molten rock from beneath the peak.ated by molten rock from beneath the peak.)
• Mesa Verde  + (This area constitutes over 4,000 archaeolo … This area constitutes over 4,000 archaeological sites of the Ancestral Puebloan people, who lived here and elsewhere in the Four Corners region for at least 700 years. Cliff dwellings built in the 12th and 13th centuries include Cliff Palace, which has 150 rooms and 23 kivas, and the Balcony House, with its many passages and tunnels.House, with its many passages and tunnels.)
• Mount Rainier  + (Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is … Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the most prominent peak in the Cascades and is covered by 26 named glaciers including Carbon Glacier and Emmons Glacier, the largest in the contiguous United States. The mountain is popular for climbing, and more than half of the park is covered by subalpine and alpine forests and meadows seasonally in bloom with wildflowers. Paradise on the south slope is the snowiest place on Earth where snowfall is measured regularly. The Longmire visitor center is the start of the Wonderland Trail, which encircles the mountain.rland Trail, which encircles the mountain.)
• North Cascades  + (This complex encompasses two units of the … This complex encompasses two units of the National Park itself as well as the Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas. The highly glaciated mountains are spectacular examples of Cascade geology. Popular hiking and climbing areas include Cascade Pass, Mount Shuksan, Mount Triumph, and Eldorado Peak.Shuksan, Mount Triumph, and Eldorado Peak.)
• Olympic  + (Situated on the Olympic Peninsula, this pa … Situated on the Olympic Peninsula, this park includes a wide range of ecosystems from Pacific shoreline to temperate rainforests to the alpine slopes of the Olympic Mountains, the tallest of which is Mount Olympus. The Hoh Rainforest and Quinault Rainforest are the wettest area in the contiguous United States, with the Hoh receiving an average of almost 12 ft (3.7 m) of rain every year.f almost 12 ft (3.7 m) of rain every year.)
• Petrified Forest  + (This portion of the Chinle Formation has a … This portion of the Chinle Formation has a large concentration of 225-million-year-old petrified wood. The surrounding Painted Desert features eroded cliffs of red-hued volcanic rock called bentonite. Dinosaur fossils and over 350 Native American sites are also protected in this park.can sites are also protected in this park.)
• Pinnacles  + (Named for the eroded leftovers of a portio … Named for the eroded leftovers of a portion of an extinct volcano, the park's massive black and gold monoliths of andesite and rhyolite are a popular destination for rock climbers. Hikers have access to trails crossing the Coast Range wilderness. The park is home to the endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) and one of the few locations in the world where these extremely rare birds can be seen in the wild. Pinnacles also supports a dense population of prairie falcons, and more than 13 species of bat which populate its talus caves.ies of bat which populate its talus caves.)
• Redwood  + (This park and the co-managed state parks p … This park and the co-managed state parks protect almost half of all remaining coastal redwoods, the tallest trees on earth. There are three large river systems in this very seismically active area, and 37 miles (60 km) of protected coastline reveal tide pools and seastacks. The prairie, estuary, coast, river, and forest ecosystems contain a wide variety of animal and plant species. wide variety of animal and plant species.)
• Shenandoah  + (Shenandoah's Blue Ridge Mountains are cove … Shenandoah's Blue Ridge Mountains are covered by hardwood forests that teem with a wide variety of wildlife. The Skyline Drive and Appalachian Trail run the entire length of this narrow park, along with more than 500 miles (800 km) of hiking trails passing scenic overlooks and cataracts of the Shenandoah River.oks and cataracts of the Shenandoah River.)
• Theodore Roosevelt  + (This region that enticed and influenced Pr … This region that enticed and influenced President Theodore Roosevelt consists of a park of three units in the northern badlands. Besides Roosevelt's historic cabin, there are numerous scenic drives and backcountry hiking opportunities. Wildlife includes American bison, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and wild horses.pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and wild horses.)
• Voyageurs  + (This park protecting four lakes near the C … This park protecting four lakes near the Canada–US border is a site for canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. The park also preserves a history populated by Ojibwe Native Americans, French fur traders called voyageurs, and gold miners. Formed by glaciers, the region features tall bluffs, rock gardens, islands, bays, and several historic buildings.nds, bays, and several historic buildings.)
• Yellowstone  + (Situated on the Yellowstone Caldera, the p … Situated on the Yellowstone Caldera, the park has an expansive network of geothermal areas including boiling mud pots, vividly colored hot springs such as Grand Prismatic Spring, and regularly erupting geysers, the best-known being Old Faithful. The yellow-hued Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River contains several high waterfalls, while four mountain ranges traverse the park. More than 60 mammal species including gray wolves, grizzly bears, black bears, lynxes, bison, and elk, make this park one of the best wildlife viewing spots in the country.est wildlife viewing spots in the country.)
• Arches  +
• Badlands  + (The Badlands are a collection of buttes, p … The Badlands are a collection of buttes, pinnacles, spires, and mixed-grass prairies. The White River Badlands contain the largest assemblage of known late Eocene and Oligocene mammal fossils. The wildlife includes bison, bighorn sheep, black-footed ferrets, and prairie dogs.p, black-footed ferrets, and prairie dogs.)
• Big Bend  + (Named for the prominent bend in the Rio Gr … Named for the prominent bend in the Rio Grande along the U.S.–Mexico border, this park encompasses a large and remote part of the Chihuahuan Desert. Its main attraction is backcountry recreation in the arid Chisos Mountains and in canyons along the river. A wide variety of Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils as well as cultural artifacts of Native Americans also exist within its borders.e Americans also exist within its borders.)
• Canyonlands  + (This landscape was eroded into a maze of c … This landscape was eroded into a maze of canyons, buttes, and mesas by the combined efforts of the Colorado River, Green River, and their tributaries, which divide the park into three districts. The park also contains rock pinnacles and arches, as well as artifacts from Ancient Pueblo peoples. as artifacts from Ancient Pueblo peoples.)
• Carlsbad Caverns  + (Carlsbad Caverns has 117 caves, the longes … Carlsbad Caverns has 117 caves, the longest of which is over 120 miles (190 km) long. The Big Room is almost 4,000 feet (1,200 m) long, and the caves are home to over 400,000 Mexican free-tailed bats and sixteen other species. Above ground are the Chihuahuan Desert and Rattlesnake Springs.Chihuahuan Desert and Rattlesnake Springs.)
• Cuyahoga Valley  + (This park along the Cuyahoga River has wat … This park along the Cuyahoga River has waterfalls, hills, trails, and exhibits on early rural living. The Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail follows the Ohio and Erie Canal, where mules towed canal boats. The park has numerous historic homes, bridges, and structures, and also offers a scenic train ride.ures, and also offers a scenic train ride.)
• Death Valley  + (Death Valley is the hottest, lowest, and d … Death Valley is the hottest, lowest, and driest place in the United States. Daytime temperatures have topped 130 °F (54 °C) and it is home to Badwater Basin, the lowest elevation in North America. The park contains canyons, badlands, sand dunes, and mountain ranges, while more than 1000 species of plants grow in this geologic graben. Additional points of interest include salt flats, historic mines, and springs.e salt flats, historic mines, and springs.)
• Denali  + (Centered on Denali, the tallest mountain i … Centered on Denali, the tallest mountain in North America, Denali is serviced by a single road leading to Wonder Lake. Denali and other peaks of the Alaska Range are covered with long glaciers and boreal forest. Wildlife includes grizzly bears, Dall sheep, caribou, and gray wolves.ars, Dall sheep, caribou, and gray wolves.)
• Dry Tortugas  + (The islands of the Dry Tortugas, at the we … The islands of the Dry Tortugas, at the westernmost end of the Florida Keys, are the site of Fort Jefferson, a Civil War-era fort that is the largest masonry structure in the Western Hemisphere. With most of the park being remote ocean, it is home to undisturbed coral reefs and shipwrecks and is only accessible by plane or boat.s and is only accessible by plane or boat.)
• Glacier  + (The U.S. half of Waterton-Glacier Internat … The U.S. half of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, this park includes 26 glaciers and 130 named lakes surrounded by Rocky Mountain peaks. There are historic hotels and a landmark road called the Going-to-the-Sun Road in this region of rapidly receding glaciers. The local mountains, formed by an overthrust, expose Paleozoic fossils including trilobites, mollusks, giant ferns and dinosaurs.ites, mollusks, giant ferns and dinosaurs.)
• Grand Canyon  + (The Grand Canyon, carved by the mighty Col … The Grand Canyon, carved by the mighty Colorado River, is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 1 mile (1.6 km) deep, and up to 15 miles (24 km) wide. Millions of years of erosion have exposed the multicolored layers of the Colorado Plateau in mesas and canyon walls, visible from both the north and south rims, or from a number of trails that descend into the canyon itself.rails that descend into the canyon itself.)
• Great Sand Dunes  + (The tallest sand dunes in North America, u … The tallest sand dunes in North America, up to 750 feet (230 m) tall, were formed by deposits of the ancient Rio Grande in the San Luis Valley. Abutting a variety of grasslands, shrublands, and wetlands, the park also has alpine lakes, six 13,000-foot mountains, and old-growth forests.00-foot mountains, and old-growth forests.)
• Isle Royale  + (The largest island in Lake Superior is a p … The largest island in Lake Superior is a place of isolation and wilderness. Along with its many shipwrecks, waterways, and hiking trails, the park also includes over 400 smaller islands within 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of its shores. There are only 20 mammal species on the entire island, though the relationship between its wolf and moose populations is especially unique.nd moose populations is especially unique.)
• Katmai  + (This park on the Alaska Peninsula protects … This park on the Alaska Peninsula protects the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, an ash flow formed by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, as well as Mount Katmai. Over 2,000 grizzly bears come here each year to catch spawning salmon. Other wildlife includes caribou, wolves, moose, and wolverines.es caribou, wolves, moose, and wolverines.)
• Kings Canyon  + (Home to several giant sequoia groves and t … Home to several giant sequoia groves and the General Grant Tree, the world's second largest measured tree, this park also features part of the Kings River, sculptor of the dramatic granite canyon that is its namesake, and the San Joaquin River, as well as Boyden Cave.San Joaquin River, as well as Boyden Cave.)
• Kobuk Valley  + (Kobuk Valley protects 61 miles (98 km) of … Kobuk Valley protects 61 miles (98 km) of the Kobuk River and three regions of sand dunes. Created by glaciers, the Great Kobuk, Little Kobuk, and Hunt River Sand Dunes can reach 100 feet (30 m) high and 100 °F (38 °C), and they are the largest dunes in the Arctic. Twice a year, half a million caribou migrate through the dunes and across river bluffs that expose well-preserved ice age fossils.hat expose well-preserved ice age fossils.)
• Mammoth Cave  + (With more than 400 miles (640 km) of passa … With more than 400 miles (640 km) of passageways explored, Mammoth Cave is the world's longest known cave system. Subterranean wildlife includes eight bat species, Kentucky cave shrimp, Northern cavefish, and cave salamanders. Above ground, the park provides recreation on the Green River, 70 miles of hiking trails, and plenty of sinkholes and springs.ails, and plenty of sinkholes and springs.)
• Rocky Mountain  + (Bisected north to south by the Continental … Bisected north to south by the Continental Divide, this portion of the Rockies has ecosystems varying from over 150 riparian lakes to montane and subalpine forests to treeless alpine tundra. Wildlife including mule deer, bighorn sheep, black bears, and cougars inhabit its igneous mountains and glacial valleys. Longs Peak, a classic Colorado fourteener, and the scenic Bear Lake are popular destinations, as well as the historic Trail Ridge Road, which reaches an elevation of more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m).vation of more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m).)
• Saguaro  + (Split into the separate Rincon Mountain an … Split into the separate Rincon Mountain and Tucson Mountain districts, this park is evidence that the dry Sonoran Desert is still home to a great variety of life spanning six biotic communities. Beyond the namesake giant saguaro cacti, there are barrel cacti, chollas, and prickly pears, as well as lesser long-nosed bats, spotted owls, and javelinas.g-nosed bats, spotted owls, and javelinas.)
• Sequoia  + (This park protects the Giant Forest, which … This park protects the Giant Forest, which boasts some of the world's largest trees, the General Sherman being the largest measured tree in the park. Other features include over 240 caves, a long segment of the Sierra Nevada including the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, and Moro Rock, a large granite dome.ates, and Moro Rock, a large granite dome.)
• Wind Cave  + (Wind Cave is distinctive for its calcite f … Wind Cave is distinctive for its calcite fin formations called boxwork, a unique formation rarely found elsewhere, and needle-like growths called frostwork. The cave is one of the longest and most complex caves in the world. Above ground is a mixed-grass prairie with animals such as bison, black-footed ferrets, and prairie dogs, and ponderosa pine forests that are home to cougars and elk. The cave is culturally significant to the Lakota people as the site 'from which Wakan Tanka, the Great Mystery, sent the buffalo out into their hunting grounds.'e buffalo out into their hunting grounds.')
• Wrangell–St. Elias  + (An over 8 million acres (32,375 km2) plot … An over 8 million acres (32,375 km2) plot of mountainous country—the largest National Park in the system—protects the convergence of the Alaska, Chugach, and Wrangell-Saint Elias Ranges, which include many of the continent's tallest mountains and volcanoes, including the 18,008-foot Mount Saint Elias. More than a quarter of the park is covered with glaciers, including the tidewater Hubbard Glacier, piedmont Malaspina Glacier, and valley Nabesna Glacier.spina Glacier, and valley Nabesna Glacier.)
• Yosemite  + (Yosemite features sheer granite cliffs, ex … Yosemite features sheer granite cliffs, exceptionally tall waterfalls, and old-growth forests at a unique intersection of geology and hydrology. Half Dome and El Capitan rise from the park's centerpiece, the glacier-carved Yosemite Valley, and from its vertical walls drop Yosemite Falls, one of North America's tallest waterfalls at 2,425 feet (739 m) high. Three giant sequoia groves, along with a pristine wilderness in the heart of the Sierra Nevada, are home to a wide variety of rare plant and animal species. variety of rare plant and animal species.)
• Zion  + (Located at the junction of the Colorado Pl … Located at the junction of the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, and Mojave Desert, this park contains sandstone features such as mesas, rock towers, and canyons, including the Virgin River Narrows. The various sandstone formations and the forks of the Virgin River create a wilderness divided into four ecosystems: desert, riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest.riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest.)
• LongText  + (The Republic of Plato is the longest of hi … The Republic of Plato is the longest of his works with the exception</br>of the Laws, and is certainly the greatest of them. There are nearer</br>approaches to modern metaphysics in the Philebus and in the Sophist; the</br>Politicus or Statesman is more ideal; the form and institutions of</br>the State are more clearly drawn out in the Laws; as works of art, the</br>Symposium and the Protagoras are of higher excellence. But no other</br>Dialogue of Plato has the same largeness of view and the same perfection</br>of style; no other shows an equal knowledge of the world, or contains</br>more of those thoughts which are new as well as old, and not of one age</br>only but of all. Nowhere in Plato is there a deeper irony or a greater</br>wealth of humour or imagery, or more dramatic power. Nor in any other of</br>his writings is the attempt made to interweave life and speculation, or</br>to connect politics with philosophy. The Republic is the centre around</br>which the other Dialogues may be grouped; here philosophy reaches the</br>highest point (cp, especially in Books V, VI, VII) to which ancient</br>thinkers ever attained. Plato among the Greeks, like Bacon among the</br>moderns, was the first who conceived a method of knowledge, although</br>neither of them always distinguished the bare outline or form from</br>the substance of truth; and both of them had to be content with an</br>abstraction of science which was not yet realized. He was the greatest</br>metaphysical genius whom the world has seen; and in him, more than in</br>any other ancient thinker, the germs of future knowledge are contained.</br>The sciences of logic and psychology, which have supplied so many</br>instruments of thought to after-ages, are based upon the analyses</br>of Socrates and Plato. The principles of definition, the law of</br>contradiction, the fallacy of arguing in a circle, the distinction</br>between the essence and accidents of a thing or notion, between means</br>and ends, between causes and conditions; also the division of the mind</br>into the rational, concupiscent, and irascible elements, or of pleasures</br>and desires into necessary and unnecessary--these and other great</br>forms of thought are all of them to be found in the Republic, and were</br>probably first invented by Plato. The greatest of all logical truths,</br>and the one of which writers on philosophy are most apt to lose sight,</br>the difference between words and things, has been most strenuously</br>insisted on by him (cp. Rep.; Polit.; Cratyl. 435, 436 ff), although he</br>has not always avoided the confusion of them in his own writings (e.g.</br>Rep.). But he does not bind up truth in logical formulae,--logic is</br>still veiled in metaphysics; and the science which he imagines to</br>'contemplate all truth and all existence' is very unlike the doctrine of</br>the syllogism which Aristotle claims to have discovered (Soph. Elenchi,</br>33. 18).</br></br>Neither must we forget that the Republic is but the third part of a</br>still larger design which was to have included an ideal history of</br>Athens, as well as a political and physical philosophy. The fragment of</br>the Critias has given birth to a world-famous fiction, second only in</br>importance to the tale of Troy and the legend of Arthur; and is said as</br>a fact to have inspired some of the early navigators of the sixteenth</br>century. This mythical tale, of which the subject was a history of the</br>wars of the Athenians against the Island of Atlantis, is supposed to be</br>founded upon an unfinished poem of Solon, to which it would have stood</br>in the same relation as the writings of the logographers to the poems of</br>Homer. It would have told of a struggle for Liberty (cp. Tim. 25 C), intended</br>to represent the conflict of Persia and Hellas. We may judge from the</br>noble commencement of the Timaeus, from the fragment of the Critias</br>itself, and from the third book of the Laws, in what manner Plato would</br>have treated this high argument. We can only guess why the great design</br>was abandoned; perhaps because Plato became sensible of some incongruity</br>in a fictitious history, or because he had lost his interest in it, or</br>because advancing years forbade the completion of it; and we may please</br>ourselves with the fancy that had this imaginary narrative ever been</br>finished, we should have found Plato himself sympathising with the</br>struggle for Hellenic independence (cp. Laws iii. 698 ff.), singing a</br>hymn of triumph over Marathon and Salamis, perhaps making the reflection</br>of Herodotus (v. 78) where he contemplates the growth of the Athenian</br>empire--'How brave a thing is freedom of speech, which has made the</br>Athenians so far exceed every other state of Hellas in greatness!' or,</br>more probably, attributing the victory to the ancient good order of</br>Athens and to the favor of Apollo and Athene (cp. Introd. to Critias).</br></br>Again, Plato may be regarded as the 'captain' ('arhchegoz') or leader</br>of a goodly band of followers; for in the Republic is to be found the</br>original of Cicero's De Republica, of St. Augustine's City of God,</br>of the Utopia of Sir Thomas More, and of the numerous other imaginary</br>States which are framed upon the same model. The extent to which</br>Aristotle or the Aristotelian school were indebted to him in the</br>Politics has been little recognised, and the recognition is the</br>more necessary because it is not made by Aristotle himself. The two</br>philosophers had more in common than they were conscious of; and</br>probably some elements of Plato remain still undetected in Aristotle. In</br>English philosophy too, many affinities may be traced, not only in the</br>works of the Cambridge Platonists, but in great original writers like</br>Berkeley or Coleridge, to Plato and his ideas. That there is a truth</br>higher than experience, of which the mind bears witness to herself, is</br>a conviction which in our own generation has been enthusiastically</br>asserted, and is perhaps gaining ground. Of the Greek authors who at the</br>Renaissance brought a new life into the world Plato has had the greatest</br>influence. The Republic of Plato is also the first treatise upon</br>education, of which the writings of Milton and Locke, Rousseau, Jean</br>Paul, and Goethe are the legitimate descendants. Like Dante or Bunyan,</br>he has a revelation of another life; like Bacon, he is profoundly</br>impressed with the unity of knowledge; in the early Church he exercised</br>a real influence on theology, and at the Revival of Literature on</br>politics. Even the fragments of his words when 'repeated at second-hand'</br>(Symp. 215 D) have in all ages ravished the hearts of men, who have seen</br>reflected in them their own higher nature. He is the father of idealism</br>in philosophy, in politics, in literature. And many of the latest</br>conceptions of modern thinkers and statesmen, such as the unity of</br>knowledge, the reign of law, and the equality of the sexes, have been</br>anticipated in a dream by him.</br></br>The argument of the Republic is the search after Justice, the nature</br>of which is first hinted at by Cephalus, the just and blameless old</br>man--then discussed on the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and</br>Polemarchus--then caricatured by Thrasymachus and partially explained</br>by Socrates--reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus, and</br>having become invisible in the individual reappears at length in the</br>ideal State which is constructed by Socrates. The first care of the</br>rulers is to be education, of which an outline is drawn after the old</br>Hellenic model, providing only for an improved religion and morality,</br>and more simplicity in music and gymnastic, a manlier strain of poetry,</br>and greater harmony of the individual and the State. We are thus led on</br>to the conception of a higher State, in which 'no man calls anything his</br>own,' and in which there is neither 'marrying nor giving in marriage,'</br>and 'kings are philosophers' and 'philosophers are kings;' and there</br>is another and higher education, intellectual as well as moral and</br>religious, of science as well as of art, and not of youth only but of</br>the whole of life. Such a State is hardly to be realized in this world</br>and quickly degenerates. To the perfect ideal succeeds the government</br>of the soldier and the lover of honour, this again declining into</br>democracy, and democracy into tyranny, in an imaginary but regular order</br>having not much resemblance to the actual facts. When 'the wheel has</br>come full circle' we do not begin again with a new period of human life;</br>but we have passed from the best to the worst, and there we end. The</br>subject is then changed and the old quarrel of poetry and philosophy</br>which had been more lightly treated in the earlier books of the Republic</br>is now resumed and fought out to a conclusion. Poetry is discovered to</br>be an imitation thrice removed from the truth, and Homer, as well as</br>the dramatic poets, having been condemned as an imitator, is sent into</br>banishment along with them. And the idea of the State is supplemented by</br>the revelation of a future life.</br></br>The division into books, like all similar divisions (Cp. Sir G.C. Lewis</br>in the Classical Museum, vol. ii. p 1.), is probably later than the age of Plato. The</br>natural divisions are five in number;--(1) Book I and the first half</br>of Book II down to the paragraph beginning, 'I had always admired the</br>genius of Glaucon and Adeimantus,' which is introductory; the first</br>book containing a refutation of the popular and sophistical notions of</br>justice, and concluding, like some of the earlier Dialogues, without</br>arriving at any definite result. To this is appended a restatement of</br>the nature of justice according to common opinion, and an answer is</br>demanded to the question--What is justice, stripped of appearances? The</br>second division (2) includes the remainder of the second and the whole</br>of the third and fourth books, which are mainly occupied with the</br>construction of the first State and the first education. The third</br>division (3) consists of the fifth, sixth, and seventh books, in which</br>philosophy rather than justice is the subject of enquiry, and the</br>second State is constructed on principles of communism and ruled by</br>philosophers, and the contemplation of the idea of good takes the place</br>of the social and political virtues. In the eighth and ninth books (4)</br>the perversions of States and of the individuals who correspond to them</br>are reviewed in succession; and the nature of pleasure and the principle</br>of tyranny are further analysed in the individual man. The tenth book</br>(5) is the conclusion of the whole, in which the relations of philosophy</br>to poetry are finally determined, and the happiness of the citizens</br>in this life, which has now been assured, is crowned by the vision of</br>another.</br></br>Or a more general division into two parts may be adopted; the first</br>(Books I - IV) containing the description of a State framed generally in</br>accordance with Hellenic notions of religion and morality, while in the</br>second (Books V - X) the Hellenic State is transformed into an</br>ideal kingdom of philosophy, of which all other governments are the</br>perversions. These two points of view are really opposed, and the</br>opposition is only veiled by the genius of Plato. The Republic, like</br>the Phaedrus (see Introduction to Phaedrus), is an imperfect whole; the</br>higher light of philosophy breaks through the regularity of the</br>Hellenic temple, which at last fades away into the heavens. Whether this</br>imperfection of structure arises from an enlargement of the plan;</br>or from the imperfect reconcilement in the writer's own mind of the</br>struggling elements of thought which are now first brought together</br>by him; or, perhaps, from the composition of the work at different</br>times--are questions, like the similar question about the Iliad and</br>the Odyssey, which are worth asking, but which cannot have a distinct</br>answer. In the age of Plato there was no regular mode of publication,</br>and an author would have the less scruple in altering or adding to a</br>work which was known only to a few of his friends. There is no absurdity</br>in supposing that he may have laid his labours aside for a time, or</br>turned from one work to another; and such interruptions would be more</br>likely to occur in the case of a long than of a short writing. In all</br>attempts to determine the chronological order of the Platonic writings</br>on internal evidence, this uncertainty about any single Dialogue being</br>composed at one time is a disturbing element, which must be admitted</br>to affect longer works, such as the Republic and the Laws, more than</br>shorter ones. But, on the other hand, the seeming discrepancies of</br>the Republic may only arise out of the discordant elements which the</br>philosopher has attempted to unite in a single whole, perhaps without</br>being himself able to recognise the inconsistency which is obvious to</br>us. For there is a judgment of after ages which few great writers have</br>ever been able to anticipate for themselves. They do not perceive the</br>want of connexion in their own writings, or the gaps in their systems</br>which are visible enough to those who come after them. In the beginnings</br>of literature and philosophy, amid the first efforts of thought and</br>language, more inconsistencies occur than now, when the paths of</br>speculation are well worn and the meaning of words precisely defined.</br>For consistency, too, is the growth of time; and some of the greatest</br>creations of the human mind have been wanting in unity. Tried by this</br>test, several of the Platonic Dialogues, according to our modern ideas,</br>appear to be defective, but the deficiency is no proof that they were</br>composed at different times or by different hands. And the supposition</br>that the Republic was written uninterruptedly and by a continuous effort</br>is in some degree confirmed by the numerous references from one part of</br>the work to another.</br></br>The second title, 'Concerning Justice,' is not the one by which the</br>Republic is quoted, either by Aristotle or generally in antiquity, and,</br>like the other second titles of the Platonic Dialogues, may therefore be</br>assumed to be of later date. Morgenstern and others have asked</br>whether the definition of justice, which is the professed aim, or the</br>construction of the State is the principal argument of the work. The</br>answer is, that the two blend in one, and are two faces of the same</br>truth; for justice is the order of the State, and the State is the</br>visible embodiment of justice under the conditions of human society. The</br>one is the soul and the other is the body, and the Greek ideal of the</br>State, as of the individual, is a fair mind in a fair body. In Hegelian</br>phraseology the state is the reality of which justice is the idea. Or,</br>described in Christian language, the kingdom of God is within, and yet</br>developes into a Church or external kingdom; 'the house not made with</br>hands, eternal in the heavens,' is reduced to the proportions of an</br>earthly building. Or, to use a Platonic image, justice and the State are</br>the warp and the woof which run through the whole texture. And when the</br>constitution of the State is completed, the conception of justice is not</br>dismissed, but reappears under the same or different names throughout</br>the work, both as the inner law of the individual soul, and finally as</br>the principle of rewards and punishments in another life. The virtues</br>are based on justice, of which common honesty in buying and selling</br>is the shadow, and justice is based on the idea of good, which is the</br>harmony of the world, and is reflected both in the institutions of</br>states and in motions of the heavenly bodies (cp. Tim. 47). The Timaeus,</br>which takes up the political rather than the ethical side of the</br>Republic, and is chiefly occupied with hypotheses concerning the outward</br>world, yet contains many indications that the same law is supposed to</br>reign over the State, over nature, and over man.</br></br>Too much, however, has been made of this question both in ancient and</br>modern times. There is a stage of criticism in which all works, whether</br>of nature or of art, are referred to design. Now in ancient writings,</br>and indeed in literature generally, there remains often a large element</br>which was not comprehended in the original design. For the plan grows</br>under the author's hand; new thoughts occur to him in the act of</br>writing; he has not worked out the argument to the end before he begins.</br>The reader who seeks to find some one idea under which the whole may be</br>conceived, must necessarily seize on the vaguest and most general. Thus</br>Stallbaum, who is dissatisfied with the ordinary explanations of the</br>argument of the Republic, imagines himself to have found the true</br>argument 'in the representation of human life in a State perfected by</br>justice, and governed according to the idea of good.' There may be some</br>use in such general descriptions, but they can hardly be said to express</br>the design of the writer. The truth is, that we may as well speak of</br>many designs as of one; nor need anything be excluded from the plan of</br>a great work to which the mind is naturally led by the association of</br>ideas, and which does not interfere with the general purpose. What kind</br>or degree of unity is to be sought after in a building, in the plastic</br>arts, in poetry, in prose, is a problem which has to be determined</br>relatively to the subject-matter. To Plato himself, the enquiry 'what</br>was the intention of the writer,' or 'what was the principal argument</br>of the Republic' would have been hardly intelligible, and therefore had</br>better be at once dismissed (cp. the Introduction to the Phaedrus).</br></br>Is not the Republic the vehicle of three or four great truths which,</br>to Plato's own mind, are most naturally represented in the form of the</br>State? Just as in the Jewish prophets the reign of Messiah, or 'the day</br>of the Lord,' or the suffering Servant or people of God, or the 'Sun of</br>righteousness with healing in his wings' only convey, to us at least,</br>their great spiritual ideals, so through the Greek State Plato reveals</br>to us his own thoughts about divine perfection, which is the idea of</br>good--like the sun in the visible world;--about human perfection, which</br>is justice--about education beginning in youth and continuing in later</br>years--about poets and sophists and tyrants who are the false teachers</br>and evil rulers of mankind--about 'the world' which is the embodiment of</br>them--about a kingdom which exists nowhere upon earth but is laid up</br>in heaven to be the pattern and rule of human life. No such inspired</br>creation is at unity with itself, any more than the clouds of heaven</br>when the sun pierces through them. Every shade of light and dark, of</br>truth, and of fiction which is the veil of truth, is allowable in a work</br>of philosophical imagination. It is not all on the same plane; it easily</br>passes from ideas to myths and fancies, from facts to figures of speech.</br>It is not prose but poetry, at least a great part of it, and ought not</br>to be judged by the rules of logic or the probabilities of history. The</br>writer is not fashioning his ideas into an artistic whole; they take</br>possession of him and are too much for him. We have no need therefore</br>to discuss whether a State such as Plato has conceived is practicable or</br>not, or whether the outward form or the inward life came first into the</br>mind of the writer. For the practicability of his ideas has nothing to</br>do with their truth; and the highest thoughts to which he attains may be</br>truly said to bear the greatest 'marks of design'--justice more than the</br>external frame-work of the State, the idea of good more than justice.</br>The great science of dialectic or the organisation of ideas has no real</br>content; but is only a type of the method or spirit in which the</br>higher knowledge is to be pursued by the spectator of all time and</br>all existence. It is in the fifth, sixth, and seventh books that Plato</br>reaches the 'summit of speculation,' and these, although they fail to</br>satisfy the requirements of a modern thinker, may therefore be regarded</br>as the most important, as they are also the most original, portions of</br>the work.</br></br>It is not necessary to discuss at length a minor question which has</br>been raised by Boeckh, respecting the imaginary date at which the</br>conversation was held (the year 411 B.C. which is proposed by him will</br>do as well as any other); for a writer of fiction, and especially a</br>writer who, like Plato, is notoriously careless of chronology (cp. Rep.,</br>Symp., 193 A, etc.), only aims at general probability. Whether all the persons</br>mentioned in the Republic could ever have met at any one time is not</br>a difficulty which would have occurred to an Athenian reading the work</br>forty years later, or to Plato himself at the time of writing (any more</br>than to Shakespeare respecting one of his own dramas); and need not</br>greatly trouble us now. Yet this may be a question having no answer</br>'which is still worth asking,' because the investigation shows that we</br>cannot argue historically from the dates in Plato; it would be useless</br>therefore to waste time in inventing far-fetched reconcilements of them</br>in order to avoid chronological difficulties, such, for example, as</br>the conjecture of C.F. Hermann, that Glaucon and Adeimantus are not the</br>brothers but the uncles of Plato (cp. Apol. 34 A), or the fancy of Stallbaum</br>that Plato intentionally left anachronisms indicating the dates at which</br>some of his Dialogues were written.</br></br>The principal characters in the Republic are Cephalus, Polemarchus,</br>Thrasymachus, Socrates, Glaucon, and Adeimantus. Cephalus appears in the</br>introduction only, Polemarchus drops at the end of the first argument,</br>and Thrasymachus is reduced to silence at the close of the first book.</br>The main discussion is carried on by Socrates, Glaucon, and Adeimantus.</br>Among the company are Lysias (the orator) and Euthydemus, the sons of</br>Cephalus and brothers of Polemarchus, an unknown Charmantides--these are</br>mute auditors; also there is Cleitophon, who once interrupts, where, as</br>in the Dialogue which bears his name, he appears as the friend and ally</br>of Thrasymachus.</br></br>Cephalus, the patriarch of the house, has been appropriately engaged</br>in offering a sacrifice. He is the pattern of an old man who has almost</br>done with life, and is at peace with himself and with all mankind. He</br>feels that he is drawing nearer to the world below, and seems to linger</br>around the memory of the past. He is eager that Socrates should come</br>to visit him, fond of the poetry of the last generation, happy in the</br>consciousness of a well-spent life, glad at having escaped from the</br>tyranny of youthful lusts. His love of conversation, his affection, his</br>indifference to riches, even his garrulity, are interesting traits of</br>character. He is not one of those who have nothing to say, because their</br>whole mind has been absorbed in making money. Yet he acknowledges</br>that riches have the advantage of placing men above the temptation</br>to dishonesty or falsehood. The respectful attention shown to him by</br>Socrates, whose love of conversation, no less than the mission imposed</br>upon him by the Oracle, leads him to ask questions of all men, young and</br>old alike, should also be noted. Who better suited to raise the question</br>of justice than Cephalus, whose life might seem to be the expression of</br>it? The moderation with which old age is pictured by Cephalus as a very</br>tolerable portion of existence is characteristic, not only of him,</br>but of Greek feeling generally, and contrasts with the exaggeration of</br>Cicero in the De Senectute. The evening of life is described by Plato</br>in the most expressive manner, yet with the fewest possible touches. As</br>Cicero remarks (Ep. ad Attic. iv. 16), the aged Cephalus would have been out of</br>place in the discussion which follows, and which he could neither have</br>understood nor taken part in without a violation of dramatic propriety</br>(cp. Lysimachus in the Laches).</br></br>His 'son and heir' Polemarchus has the frankness and impetuousness of</br>youth; he is for detaining Socrates by force in the opening scene,</br>and will not 'let him off' on the subject of women and children.</br>Like Cephalus, he is limited in his point of view, and represents</br>the proverbial stage of morality which has rules of life rather than</br>principles; and he quotes Simonides (cp. Aristoph. Clouds) as his father</br>had quoted Pindar. But after this he has no more to say; the answers</br>which he makes are only elicited from him by the dialectic of Socrates.</br>He has not yet experienced the influence of the Sophists like Glaucon</br>and Adeimantus, nor is he sensible of the necessity of refuting them; he</br>belongs to the pre-Socratic or pre-dialectical age. He is incapable of</br>arguing, and is bewildered by Socrates to such a degree that he does not</br>know what he is saying. He is made to admit that justice is a thief, and</br>that the virtues follow the analogy of the arts. From his brother Lysias</br>(contra Eratosth.) we learn that he fell a victim to the Thirty Tyrants,</br>but no allusion is here made to his fate, nor to the circumstance that</br>Cephalus and his family were of Syracusan origin, and had migrated from</br>Thurii to Athens.</br></br>The 'Chalcedonian giant,' Thrasymachus, of whom we have already heard</br>in the Phaedrus, is the personification of the Sophists, according to</br>Plato's conception of them, in some of their worst characteristics. He</br>is vain and blustering, refusing to discourse unless he is paid, fond of</br>making an oration, and hoping thereby to escape the inevitable Socrates;</br>but a mere child in argument, and unable to foresee that the next 'move'</br>(to use a Platonic expression) will 'shut him up.' He has reached the</br>stage of framing general notions, and in this respect is in advance of</br>Cephalus and Polemarchus. But he is incapable of defending them in a</br>discussion, and vainly tries to cover his confusion with banter and</br>insolence. Whether such doctrines as are attributed to him by Plato were</br>really held either by him or by any other Sophist is uncertain; in the</br>infancy of philosophy serious errors about morality might easily grow</br>up--they are certainly put into the mouths of speakers in Thucydides;</br>but we are concerned at present with Plato's description of him, and not</br>with the historical reality. The inequality of the contest adds greatly</br>to the humour of the scene. The pompous and empty Sophist is utterly</br>helpless in the hands of the great master of dialectic, who knows how</br>to touch all the springs of vanity and weakness in him. He is greatly</br>irritated by the irony of Socrates, but his noisy and imbecile rage</br>only lays him more and more open to the thrusts of his assailant. His</br>determination to cram down their throats, or put 'bodily into their</br>souls' his own words, elicits a cry of horror from Socrates. The</br>state of his temper is quite as worthy of remark as the process of the</br>argument. Nothing is more amusing than his complete submission when</br>he has been once thoroughly beaten. At first he seems to continue the</br>discussion with reluctance, but soon with apparent good-will, and he</br>even testifies his interest at a later stage by one or two occasional</br>remarks. When attacked by Glaucon he is humorously protected by Socrates</br>'as one who has never been his enemy and is now his friend.' From Cicero</br>and Quintilian and from Aristotle's Rhetoric we learn that the Sophist</br>whom Plato has made so ridiculous was a man of note whose writings were</br>preserved in later ages. The play on his name which was made by his</br>contemporary Herodicus (Aris. Rhet.), 'thou wast ever bold in</br>battle,' seems to show that the description of him is not devoid of</br>verisimilitude.</br></br>When Thrasymachus has been silenced, the two principal respondents,</br>Glaucon and Adeimantus, appear on the scene: here, as in Greek tragedy</br>(cp. Introd. to Phaedo), three actors are introduced. At first sight</br>the two sons of Ariston may seem to wear a family likeness, like the two</br>friends Simmias and Cebes in the Phaedo. But on a nearer examination</br>of them the similarity vanishes, and they are seen to be distinct</br>characters. Glaucon is the impetuous youth who can 'just never have</br>enough of fechting' (cp. the character of him in Xen. Mem. iii. 6);</br>the man of pleasure who is acquainted with the mysteries of love; the</br>'juvenis qui gaudet canibus,' and who improves the breed of animals; the</br>lover of art and music who has all the experiences of youthful life. He</br>is full of quickness and penetration, piercing easily below the clumsy</br>platitudes of Thrasymachus to the real difficulty; he turns out to the</br>light the seamy side of human life, and yet does not lose faith in the</br>just and true. It is Glaucon who seizes what may be termed the ludicrous</br>relation of the philosopher to the world, to whom a state of simplicity</br>is 'a city of pigs,' who is always prepared with a jest when the</br>argument offers him an opportunity, and who is ever ready to second</br>the humour of Socrates and to appreciate the ridiculous, whether in</br>the connoisseurs of music, or in the lovers of theatricals, or in the</br>fantastic behaviour of the citizens of democracy. His weaknesses are</br>several times alluded to by Socrates, who, however, will not allow him</br>to be attacked by his brother Adeimantus. He is a soldier, and, like</br>Adeimantus, has been distinguished at the battle of Megara (anno</br>456?)...The character of Adeimantus is deeper and graver, and the</br>profounder objections are commonly put into his mouth. Glaucon is more</br>demonstrative, and generally opens the game. Adeimantus pursues the</br>argument further. Glaucon has more of the liveliness and quick sympathy</br>of youth; Adeimantus has the maturer judgment of a grown-up man of</br>the world. In the second book, when Glaucon insists that justice and</br>injustice shall be considered without regard to their consequences,</br>Adeimantus remarks that they are regarded by mankind in general only for</br>the sake of their consequences; and in a similar vein of reflection he</br>urges at the beginning of the fourth book that Socrates fails in making</br>his citizens happy, and is answered that happiness is not the first but</br>the second thing, not the direct aim but the indirect consequence of</br>the good government of a State. In the discussion about religion and</br>mythology, Adeimantus is the respondent, but Glaucon breaks in with a</br>slight jest, and carries on the conversation in a lighter tone about</br>music and gymnastic to the end of the book. It is Adeimantus again</br>who volunteers the criticism of common sense on the Socratic method of</br>argument, and who refuses to let Socrates pass lightly over the question</br>of women and children. It is Adeimantus who is the respondent in the</br>more argumentative, as Glaucon in the lighter and more imaginative</br>portions of the Dialogue. For example, throughout the greater part</br>of the sixth book, the causes of the corruption of philosophy and the</br>conception of the idea of good are discussed with Adeimantus. Glaucon</br>resumes his place of principal respondent; but he has a difficulty in</br>apprehending the higher education of Socrates, and makes some false hits</br>in the course of the discussion. Once more Adeimantus returns with the</br>allusion to his brother Glaucon whom he compares to the contentious</br>State; in the next book he is again superseded, and Glaucon continues to</br>the end.</br></br>Thus in a succession of characters Plato represents the successive</br>stages of morality, beginning with the Athenian gentleman of the olden</br>time, who is followed by the practical man of that day regulating his</br>life by proverbs and saws; to him succeeds the wild generalization of</br>the Sophists, and lastly come the young disciples of the great teacher,</br>who know the sophistical arguments but will not be convinced by them,</br>and desire to go deeper into the nature of things. These too, like</br>Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, are clearly distinguished from one</br>another. Neither in the Republic, nor in any other Dialogue of Plato, is</br>a single character repeated.</br></br>The delineation of Socrates in the Republic is not wholly consistent. In</br>the first book we have more of the real Socrates, such as he is depicted</br>in the Memorabilia of Xenophon, in the earliest Dialogues of Plato, and</br>in the Apology. He is ironical, provoking, questioning, the old enemy</br>of the Sophists, ready to put on the mask of Silenus as well as to argue</br>seriously. But in the sixth book his enmity towards the Sophists abates;</br>he acknowledges that they are the representatives rather than the</br>corrupters of the world. He also becomes more dogmatic and constructive,</br>passing beyond the range either of the political or the speculative</br>ideas of the real Socrates. In one passage Plato himself seems to</br>intimate that the time had now come for Socrates, who had passed his</br>whole life in philosophy, to give his own opinion and not to be always</br>repeating the notions of other men. There is no evidence that either the</br>idea of good or the conception of a perfect state were comprehended in</br>the Socratic teaching, though he certainly dwelt on the nature of</br>the universal and of final causes (cp. Xen. Mem.; Phaedo); and a deep</br>thinker like him, in his thirty or forty years of public teaching, could</br>hardly have failed to touch on the nature of family relations, for</br>which there is also some positive evidence in the Memorabilia (Mem.) The</br>Socratic method is nominally retained; and every inference is either put</br>into the mouth of the respondent or represented as the common discovery</br>of him and Socrates. But any one can see that this is a mere form, of</br>which the affectation grows wearisome as the work advances. The method</br>of enquiry has passed into a method of teaching in which by the help of</br>interlocutors the same thesis is looked at from various points of view.</br>The nature of the process is truly characterized by Glaucon, when</br>he describes himself as a companion who is not good for much in an</br>investigation, but can see what he is shown, and may, perhaps, give the</br>answer to a question more fluently than another.</br></br>Neither can we be absolutely certain that Socrates himself taught the</br>immortality of the soul, which is unknown to his disciple Glaucon in the</br>Republic (cp. Apol.); nor is there any reason to suppose that he used</br>myths or revelations of another world as a vehicle of instruction,</br>or that he would have banished poetry or have denounced the Greek</br>mythology. His favorite oath is retained, and a slight mention is made</br>of the daemonium, or internal sign, which is alluded to by Socrates as</br>a phenomenon peculiar to himself. A real element of Socratic teaching,</br>which is more prominent in the Republic than in any of the other</br>Dialogues of Plato, is the use of example and illustration (Greek):</br>'Let us apply the test of common instances.' 'You,' says Adeimantus,</br>ironically, in the sixth book, 'are so unaccustomed to speak in images.'</br>And this use of examples or images, though truly Socratic in origin, is</br>enlarged by the genius of Plato into the form of an allegory or parable,</br>which embodies in the concrete what has been already described, or is</br>about to be described, in the abstract. Thus the figure of the cave in</br>Book VII is a recapitulation of the divisions of knowledge in Book VI.</br>The composite animal in Book IX is an allegory of the parts of the</br>soul. The noble captain and the ship and the true pilot in Book VI are</br>a figure of the relation of the people to the philosophers in the</br>State which has been described. Other figures, such as the dog, or</br>the marriage of the portionless maiden, or the drones and wasps in the</br>eighth and ninth books, also form links of connexion in long passages,</br>or are used to recall previous discussions.r are used to recall previous discussions.)
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